992.4.14 School-Based Management. 學校本位管理

School-Based Management.    學校本位管理

HOW ARE BUDGET DECISIONS MADE?
預算決策是如何制定的呢？
In most SBM systems, each school is given a "lump sum" that the school can spend as it sees fit.
在大多數學校基礎管理系統中，每個學校都有一個“總包價法“，即學校能以其視為合理的費用做為花費。
In a budgeting process outlined by JoAnn Spear (1983), the district office determines the total funds needed by the whole district, determines the districtwide costs (such as the cost of central administration and transportation), and allocates the remaining funds to the individual schools.
在1983年 JoAnn Spear 提出，在預算編制過程中，民政事務處決定了全區所需的費用資金總額，也決定區域的邊際成本（如中央的行政和運輸成本），並將剩餘的資金分配到個別學校。
The allocation to each school is determined by a formula that takes into account the number and type of students at that school.
每所學校的分配取決於一個既定的公式，此公式以學校的學生數量和類型為考量。
Often the district is responsible for purchasing and warehousing supplies and equipment specified by the schools.
通常情況下，區要負責採購以及儲備學校特別需要的供給與設備。
Each school determines how to spend the lump sum allocated by the district. Funds can be spent on personnel, equipment, supplies, and maintenance.
每所學校在結構與行政上的優先順序可以從預算展現出來。資金可以用在人員，設備，用品和維護，某些資金可以被繼續被轉移到下年度需要更多錢的方案。
The school's instructional and administrative priorities are expressed through its budget priorities. Surplus funds can be carried over to the next year or be shifted to a program that needs more funds;
in this way, long-range planning and efficiency are encouraged.
這樣，對長期的規劃和效率有激勵效果。


HOW ARE DECISIONS MADE AT THE SCHOOL LEVEL?
如何以學校的層級作出決策？
Most districts create school-based management councils at the school sites.
多數地區在學校的網站創立以學校為基礎的管理委員會。
Each council includes the principal, representatives of parents and teachers, and, in some cases, other citizens, support staff, and students (at the secondary level).
每個理事會包括校長，家長代表和教師，以及在某些情況下，其他公民，輔助人員，學生（c第二級）。
The council conducts a needs assessment and then develops a plan of action that includes statements of goals and measurable objectives.
這個理事會會設定一項需求評估，然後制定一個行動計劃，計劃中包括：目標聲明和測量標的。
According to Carl Marburger (1985), the council is not a little school board but helps determine how the school implements school board policies.
在1985 年Carl Marburger提出 ，理事會並不是一個小型的學校董事會，而是幫助學校去決定如何推行學校董事會的政策。
In some districts, the school-based management council makes most school-level decisions.
在某些地區，以學校為基礎的管理委員會決定大多數學校層級的決策。
In other districts, the council advises the principal, who then makes the decisions.
在其他地區，該委員會的主要是向校長，就是主要作決定的人，提出建議。
In both cases, the principal has a large role in the decision-making process, either as part of a team or as the final decision-maker.
在這兩種情況下，無論是作為團隊的一部分，或是最終決策者，校長在決策過程
中皆扮演最重要的角色。